Emile Durkheim s Theory Of The Founding Fathers Of Modern...

Emile Durkheim, is known as one of the founding fathers of modern sociology. Durkheim has the theory that every individual in a community, is to born to live and then die. A Durkheimian definition of community is that it has propinquity, which means residential closeness. Also has a social network where everyone in the community all know each other. Finally, a Durkheimian community must include a collective consciousness, which is when the people in the community share the same understanding of right and wrong. Durkheim’s theory is evident in many of the communities in today’s American society. Emile Durkheim, was a well-known French sociologist famous for his views on the structure of society. His work focused on how traditional and modern societies evolved and function. Durkheim s theories were founded on the concept of social facts, defined as the norms, values, and structures of a society. One of his concepts in sociology, mechanical solidarity refer to the concepts of solidarity as developed by Durkheim. The meaning of this concept is the sense of togetherness in a society that arises when people, performing similar work, share similar experiences, customs, values, and beliefs. I would describe a community, as a neighborhood or a tribe, where individuals follow the same norms, traditions, religion, and culture. Also, everyone knows each other, see each other on a weekly basis, and live feet away from each other. In other words, every individual thinks the same wayShow MoreRelatedSociology Emile Durkheim and Max Weber1495 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different perspectives on the growth of modernity. Society is constantly changing as more time passes by. People like Emile Durkheim and Max Weber both offer their own individual perspective on how the growth of modernity came about and how we have come to understand today’s society. In the 1890s period Emile Durkheim a sociologist, in France watched the transformation of society go from a ‘primitive’ stance into something more complex also known as ‘organic solidarity’. Max WeberRead MoreAnalysis of Marx, Weber, and Durkheims Views Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe soc iological views of  the three founding fathers; Karl Marx,  Max Weber, and  Emile Durkheim  all assert that various aspects of our lifestyle are fully a product of the society in which we live. Each theorist views the impact of society and its manifestation of our identity in a different way. All three of these men used the Industrial Revolution  and capitalism to shape their theories of social identity, especially the identity created by capitalisms division of labor; the owners of the meansRead MoreDurkheim s Theories Of A Capitalist Society1544 Words   |  7 PagesWhilst parts of the theory and the context of the theories may have quite dated, some parts do still reign true. Some theories however, like Marx’s ideas of a capitalist society, have become more influential in today’s economic climate. Perspectives like Durkheim’s theories of suicide, Marx’s theories on Capitalism and changes to economic status, Weber’s input on Capitalism and his influential work on Religion. The ideas this essay will be focusing upon are the ‘iconic’ theories, that the previouslyRead MoreSchool Violence Essay2314 Words   |  10 Pages INTRODUCTION Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim are some of the founding fathers in the Sociological discipline. Each developing the discipline in their respective area, contributed to the social science course becoming what it is today. Durkheim the man who coined the term social facts and some sociological theories on functionalism, division of labour in society, education and social solidarity, methodology, positivism and sociology, primitive classification, religion and suicide. Durkhiem believe thatRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 Pagescontributed to the rise of sociology and the latter`s development. In simply terms, sociology is the scientific study of the society and human behavior. The emergence of sociology traces back to the eighteenth century up to present day. Johnson (1998) suggests that in summary, the rise and development of sociology is based on political, economic, demographic, social and scientific changes. Ritzer (2008) asserts that the immediate cause for the beginning of sociology were political unrests especiallyRead MoreOrigin Development of Sociology as a Separate Science2145 Words   |  9 PagesOrigin Development of Sociology as a Separate Science Sociology is one of the oldest of the sciences. Since the dawn of civilization, society has been as a subject for speculation and inquiry along with other phenomena which have agitated the restless and inquisitive mind of man. Even centuries ago men were thinking about society and it should be organized and held views on man and his destiny, the rise and fall of the peoples and civilizations. Though they were thinking in sociological termsRead MoreEmile Durkheim’S Book Elementary Forms Of Religious Life1252 Words   |  6 PagesEmile Durkheim’s book Elementary Forms of Religious Life serves as a religious guide from the perspective of primitive societies by focusing on understanding the key principles of religion by studying these groups and drawing similarities to major ideologies based off of their key elements and rituals. His goal from this research was to figure out the origins of religion itself. His study focused on the aborigines, the indigenous people of Austr alia. He wrote the study in a way so a non-believerRead MoreDistinguish Between Crime as a Social and a Sociological Problem, to What Extent Should Sociologists Attempt to Combat â€Å"the Social Problem of Crime†1943 Words   |  8 PagesIn this essay we shall look at what crime is, what social problems are, and what sociological problems are , how they overlap and we will also look into what sociologists do and look into Robert Merton’s strain theory, and also other sociologists views like William Chambliss’s ‘roughnecks and saints’. A crime is the breaking of certain rules laid out by a society i.e. the Government. Crime is said to be ‘activities that break the law and are subject to official punishment (Holborn and HaralambosRead MorePunishment in Modern Society3079 Words   |  13 Pagesnumber of differing perspectives can be identified. Most are influenced by social theories which can be traced back to the founding fathers of sociology; the two main proponents of the conflict and consensus theory, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, as authors tend to adopt ideas from either a Durkheimian approach or a Marxist position when writing on the matter of the role punishment in societies (Carrabine 2009:305). Durkheim did more than any other theorists to develop a sociological account of punishmentRead MoreJohn Thomas Hobbes s The Leviathan 2434 Words   |  10 Pagesdomination. In the next few pages this paper will be discussing some of the major theories of state building, how these states have evolved over his tory and what are the main differences and variances among all of these, in order to prove that no matter how much rational and nationalistic influence grows, violence and power through the means of warfare will always be crucial to state building. In Giddens’ â€Å"State, Society and Modern History†, we learn what it means to have power being an agent. The author

Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 784 Words

In the story â€Å"first they came† by Martin Niemoller it explains how they came for the socialists, trade unionists, and then the Jews. So he did not speak out because he was not part of those groups. Then they came out for him and there was no one left to speak out for him. In the story â€Å"the lottery† by Shirley Jackson it explained how they play the lottery but rather than winning its actually a loss if you win. In the story they have a black box and slips of paper and if you have a black dot on your paper you get stoned to death. In their town it’s a tradition to play the lottery. So they come to the town square they all get called up to get their slip of paper and when everyone gets their paper they all open them at once and whoever has†¦show more content†¦Martin was a supporter of Hitler and then found out what he was doing is wrong. After that he was imprisoned in two concentration camps for eight years. He narrowly escaped execution but the n was hit hard by regret when he got out. First they came out for many groups and he did not speak out because he was not part of those groups. Then they came out for him and there was no one left to speak out but for but himself. In the story the lottery it’s about they play a game where they have to put papers into a black and box and one of those papers have a black dot on it and if you get the paper with a black dot on it you get stoned to death. In the lottery rather than using pieces of paper it was chips of wood but eh population would need something that fits easier into the black box. The story first they came and the lottery are very different but also very similar in many ways, such as they both come for someone. In the lottery it talks about playing a game where they take a piece of paper out of a box. In the story fist they came it’s about them coming for a bunch of groups and one guy did not speak out because he was not part of those groups. Also in the l ottery they came out for one person that they didn’t know who was going to be chosen until their chosen. In summary the stories first they came and the lottery are very similar and also very different. First they came is about how they came out for groups that he was not part of those groups so he did not speak outShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson744 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† - For Analysis 1. There are multiple examples to suggest that â€Å"The Lottery† is a ritualistic ceremony. In several instances â€Å"The Lottery† is referred to as a ritual: â€Å"..so much of the ritual had been forgotten..† and â€Å"†¦because so much of the ritual had been forgotten†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . In addition, the ceremony happens annually on June 27th, a t0:00 a.m., suggesting a ceremonial quality. This happens with such regularity that the citizens â€Å"†¦only half listened to the directions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This ceremonyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson Analysis732 Words   |  3 PagesFollowing other people may have a positive or negative effect, but when it reaches a certain point where you blindly follow others it may not have a positive outcome. â€Å"The Lottery† made by Shirley Jackson is about a small community of villagers that gather together every year to perform a tradition. All of the villagers gather together and draw small sl ips of paper from a black wooden box, whoever draws the first slip with the black dot on it, their family has to draw first. Now all of the membersRead More Analysis of The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay693 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of The Lottery by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson was written in 1948. The story takes place in a village square of a town on June 27th. The author does not use much emotion in the writing to show how the barbaric act that is going on is look at as normal. This story is about a town that has a lottery once a year to choose who should be sacrificed, so that the town will have a plentiful year for growing crops. Jackson has many messages about human nature in this shortRead MoreEssay on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: an Analysis1522 Words   |  7 PagesKouyialis EN102: Composition II Professor Eklund The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: An Analysis The short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson was written in 1948 and takes place in a small town, on the 27th of June. In this story, the lottery occurs every year, around the summer solstice. All families gather together to draw slips of paper from a black box. When reading this story, it is unclear the full premise of the lottery until near the end. The heads of households are the firstRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson910 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of the Short Story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson Shirley Jackson explores the subject of tradition in her short story â€Å"The Lottery†. A short story is normally evaluated based on its ability to provide a satisfying and complete presentation of its characters and themes. Shirley describes a small village that engages in an annual tradition known as â€Å"the lottery†. Narrating the story from a third person point of view, Shirley uses symbolism, foreshadowing and suspense to illustrateRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1534 Words   |  7 Pages Literary Analysis: â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is a short story written in 1948. Due to World War II ending around this time, her story took some strong criticism. The people at that time wanted uplifting stories, and this story is the very opposite because of its underlying theme of tradition and conformity. â€Å"The Lottery† shows that no matter the tradition or belief, people will not stray from their daily routine because humans are creatures of habitRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson773 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story, The Lottery, written by Shirley Jackson, is about a small village or some type of society with a yearly tradition called, the lottery. From what the reader may read online, they may find out that during the time period Jackson wrote this, she was interested in magic and witchcraft. Not only that she was also rumored to have gotten rocks thrown at her by children who believed she was a witch. One may also say, that the story wa s absolutely unique and the ending completely shockingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1060 Words   |  5 Pagesthird point of view about other but our view are mostly to always limited, not knowing everything. In a story called â€Å"Charles† by Shirley Jackson, the author creates a limited first point of view of Laurels mother where the reader reads and understand only what Laurie’s mother understand and see. In the other story also written by Shirley Jackson called â€Å"The Lottery†, the story proceed at a limited third point of view where the reader understands more ideas. Although each storied have a differentRead MoreAnalysis of The Lottery by Shirley Jackson993 Words   |  4 PagesSpanish author, When we blindly adopt a religion, a political system, a literary dogma, we become automatons. We cease to grow. Shirley Jackson was born in 1919 in San Francisco, California to Leslie and Geraldine Jackson. She is most well known for her s hort story titled â€Å"The Lottery† which was first published in The New Yorker to overwhelming and mixed reviews. The lottery, as portrayed in the short story, is a religious, annual ceremony in the afternoon of June 27. This event is said to be olderRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson Analysis802 Words   |  4 PagesIf everyone else was doing something, would you? Or maybe if someone needed to be stood up for, would you have their back? In The Lottery, people do follow other people blindly. And the consequences are devastating. But in First They Came, not having someone’s back might get you in the same position†¦ The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story that takes place in a small village on a warm summer day. Little boy’s run around in boisterous play, collecting small stones into a pile. As the adults gather

Marketing Strategy and Management and Business Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategy and Management and Business Analysis. Answer: Introduction It is evident that any organization needs apt methods in all its operations so that it can speculate its survival and growth. For a sustainable business, any organization be it small or large needs to embrace strategies that will promote diversification and a competitive edge in a market that is dominated by market players that are concerned about excluding the weak companies from the market (Winston, W.and Weinstein 2016,p. 34).The use of the traditional methods say in marketing and computations instigates waste of resources and decreased sales. It is imperative for any organization to be sensitive about the way that it treats change and the pace at which it embraces it. Organizations thus must engage in informed decisions that will make the organization to command a larger market share as compared to the initial figures. The organization is facing some challenges that need to be addressed through strategic planning. The major problems that the organization is facing are the lack of customer oriented policies and the use of traditional methods in calculations and marketing of the products of the institution. The objective of the organization is to more efficient in its operations so that it is at par with the strategies that the other market players are embracing. The greatest challenge that the organization is facing is the technological advancements that are already in the market and yet the organization has not yet come up with policies that will make it run its operations free of redundancies, inaccuracies, and bureaucracies that are as a result of the use of the outdated methods in running the organization (Winston, W.and Weinstein 2016,p. 28). The paper will focus on the possible solutions to the problem facing the organization and the policies that will be coupled with the perceived changes. The business analysis criteria will be applied to the company so as to assess its situation now and the prospects that it can attain if it strategically comes up with the most feasible policies. Business case The organization has the problem of inefficiency in the operations ranging from uninformed customers, physical counting of stock and extra employees in the enterprise. The problem cycles around the delayed decision making that otherwise could have saved the situation. In the case of considering a SWOT analysis of the business, it is evident that in the aspect of opportunities there are several for the company. For instance, the company needs to adopt new technologies that will ensure that the products of the company are well marketed. To be specific, the company can engage in internet marketing that will ensure that a wide range of information about the product of the company reaches a large geographical area. Also, customers will always be informed say through the website of the company about any information that they wish to find about the company in the most timely and accurate way. The other opportunity that is feasible for the company is that it can engage in market development. The market development can be through identifying the changes in the customers tastes and values and then customizing the products towards the satisfaction of the identified needs. ICT adoption will be the U-turn for the organization. With the ICT the communication between the customers and the employees will be necessitated, and the management of information systems will also be computerized making data to be easily retrieved and accurate in all the events. Stakeholder Analysis The key players that are involved in the market are the employees, the competitors, the customers, the regulators and the managers. All the parties have their specific interests in the company, but it is up to them to blend their diverse interests so that all the aims of the stakeholders are integrated to form specific objectives that should be focused on all the interested parties. The stakeholders must be considered in the decision-making process of the business because of the information that they provide to the company making it always to make decisions that are well-informed. There are various knowledge sources that are provided by the stakeholders that include; documents that can be informed of journals or records from the previous analysis of the customer values and expectations. Moreover, the knowledge sources can be in the form of interviews and questionnaires that were conducted on the potential customers. Also, information can hail from the view of the management about the company which can be documented for one to be able to retrieve the information whenever it is required. The major source of information regarding the policies of the regulators is from data published in the national gazette that informs on the strategies that the government has put in place. The first stage involves investigation of the situation. At this point, the company will identify its objectives such as those of attaining high profits, retaining competent staff, creating efficiency and total customer experience. The company will also look how much resources it has to embrace new technologies in management information systems and relationship marketing (Baker 2015, p.43). The organization also considers the conflicts that may arise in the case that it may embrace sophisticated methods without the consent of the other stakeholders in the case of marketing or managing records. The problems that the company is facing should be solved in the light of the sole objectives of the company as a whole. For instance, the company must ensure that the strategies that it is taking into consideration will make the company more efficient and also make it more competitive in the market that is dominated by rivals that are already applying sophisticated methods in MIS and marketing. The next step is to verify the needs that are supposed to be met. In the case of the company, the company must take advantage of the prospects that will be enjoyed in the case that it embraces technology. The technology will come in handy with the creation of avenues where customers can bring forth their concerns and within a very short time, they can be assisted. Moreover, the evaluation stage majorly oversees the viability of embracing technology in the customer care services and in the keeping of records that are of great significance to the company (Winston and Weinstein 2016,p. 34). The feasibility of technology is verified so that the company can effectively utilize its limited resources. The last stage is to explain the strategies that must be in place so as to ensure that the organization solves the problem that it is facing. The strategies that should be in place are like the company training its staff on how to use the management information systems in stock taking. Also, the company can assess how many employees need to be recruited to facilitate the customer care services through the website of the company. Business Context Process In the business processes, the problem will be identified; in this case, the problem is the ineffectiveness of operations through the use of the traditional methods that have led to the wastage of resources. The next step would be to formulate the alternatives that are available that will help- in solving the problem. The alternatives in our case are for instance is to adopt a more sophisticated method of counting stock, carrying out strategic marketing policies, to maintain the current situation for some time till the company feels it is ready for change (Baker 2015,p. 33). After formulating the alternatives, it's time to select the best alternative which is the embracing of technology in all the departments of the company. The last stages would be to evaluate and implement the policies that will be done through the management is the collaboration with the major stakeholders. The review process will critically analyze the viability of the chose idea in terms of the available resources and the value of returns promised. Conclusion In any enterprise, there is a need for amendments to be done the methods of the company so that it is run in the best way. The decision to embrace change should be acknowledged with the majority of the shareholders of the enterprise. The strategies that will be adopted will determine if the company will be sustainable or not in both the short term and the long term. Bibliography Baker, M .J. (2015). Marketing Strategy and Management, Palgrave Macmillan. Winston, W.and Weinstein, A. ( 2016) Defining your market: Winning strategies for high tech industrial and service firms, Routledge.

Social Digestion Method

Question: Write an essay on Social Digestion? Answer: Introduction Social digestion is the method where a man or even a bunch's dialect and/or contemporary society come to acquire soon after those connected with yet another get together. The term is actually helpful to allude in order to both equally individuals along with many, along with in the last situation it could allude in order to sometimes migrant or regional occupants which grown to be socially reigned over simply by yet another contemporary society. Assimilation can sometimes include either a fast or slow transform contingent on conditions of the get together (Li et al., 2014). At Harrisburg University, there are a number of foreign students coming from diverse cultural settings and nations. Since there is no nations with as many students as need be, the report will dwell on UAE national since they seem to have a higher number. Therefore the report will look at the current situation in UAE, culture differences (UAE and US), the preparation of foreign students and give a conclusion. Current situations in Home country Virtually all humankind lives on a couple regarding dollars a day. Whether your home is inside the wealthiest international locations on the globe or even the particular poorest, you will notice irregular variety of imbalance. Your poorest persons will certainly furthermore get fewer usage of well being, training and different organizations. Issues regarding needing, deficiency of healthy sustenance along with health problems problem the particular poorest inside the public vision. Your poorest are generally additionally normally decreased by culture and possess tiny counsel or even tone of voice inside vast sunlight along with politics municipal reasons, so that it is a lot more difficult to escape destitution. Through differentiation, the particular wealthy you might be, greater most likely you might be for you to gain economic or even politics methods. Your quantity the earth usually spends on military, economic bailouts and different specific zones of which gain the particular we althy, contrasted with all the quantity used to treat the particular day by day unexpected emergency regarding neediness along with associated difficulties are usually amazing (Holzmller Meister, 2015). Taking after a time of monetary blast, a money related air pocket worldwide in degree burst, notwithstanding bringing about a world's portion biggest budgetary establishments have fell. With the subsequent subsidence, numerous legislatures of the wealthiest countries on the planet have turned to broad salvage and salvage bundles for the staying extensive banks and money related establishments while forcing brutal grimness measures on themselves. A safeguard's portion outs have likewise prompted charges of deception because of the obvious "associating of the expenses while privatizing the benefits." Furthermore, the foundations being protected are normally the ones got the world into this inconvenience in any case. For littler organizations and poorer individuals, such alternatives for safeguard and salvage are infrequently accessible when they end up in emerge (Yoon et al., 2015). Differences in Culture The way in which involving lifetime people it's essentially Western. The us offers its very own fascinating societal along with societal qualities, by way of example, terms, audio, words and phrases, societal propensities, cooking food, along with old tales. YOU can be an a land of ethnics along with backgrounds because of large level movements via quite a few ethnically along with racially various international locations during its historical past. Different getting pregnant along with driving premiums among local people, pilgrims, along with settlers are usually similarly an element (Nahata, Hazarika Tandon, 2014). Us culture includes this ways of life along with exhibitions involving the usa. "Society envelops religious beliefs, sustenance, what we should have on, the way you don it, each of our dialect, union, audio, what we should accept will be correct or maybe incorrect, the way you sit on the desk, the way you allowed family and friends, the way you carry on with family, and a million various things. Because of that, the usa is a standout amongst the majority of socially diverse international locations on the globe. In relation to just about every area of the globe offers afflicted Us culture, seeing that it's a land involving foreign people, the majority of conspicuously this Language (Park et ing., 2015). US contemporary society employ each traditionalist along with open-handed facets, exploratory along with non secular aggressiveness, political set ups, chance having along with free term, realist along with great ingredients. In spite of a number of regular ideological expectations (e. h. freedom, libertarianism, along with confidence throughout option along with well-known government), U . s . contemporary society has a mixture of expressions to its geological degree along with market vary type of characteristics. The particular suppleness associated with You. Ersus. contemporary society and extremely typical characteristics cause some experts in order to kind U . s . contemporary society like a mythic personality; people view it seeing that U . s . conditions (Schouten Schinkel, 2015). The particular America Arabic Emirates includes a diverse contemporary society. The country's chronicled populace like a tiny tribal class has become transformed using the entry associated with diverse nationals. In UAE, folks admit any different flattened ask through which everybody includes a spot along with which wants not any even more legitimization. Intensifying system within an relationship is seen seeing that highlighting normal imbalances, centralization is renowned, subordinates desire to end up being well-advised how to handle it and also the excellent supervisor is surely an altruistic despot. Emirati contemporary society is using Arabian lifestyle and has also been greatly influenced by Persian contemporary society. Heart Western along with Persian roused constructing layout is surely an expression's part of this regional Emirati style. As an illustration, this "barjeel" has turned into a spotting quality associated with traditional Emirati structural engineering and it is attributed in order to Persian affect (Cheng et al., 2014). Commitment in the collectivist contemporary society is standard, along with over-rides the majority of social expectations along with regulations. People motivates stable internet connections in which all people thinks culpability intended for kindred folks from other accumulating. In collectivist sociable order placed criminal offense requests shame along with decrease in encounter, brain honcho/representative internet connections are noticed throughout great conditions (like a family connection), having along with development selections make note from the worker's in-gathering, government would be the government associated with get togethers (Choi, Mallinckrodt, Richardson, 2015). Preparation and enrollment of foreign students Once at the University, foreign student get to be passed through orientation. It is a section of inducting fresh learners to the new environment. Learners get to know the university surrounding, the culture and the people around. Here staff mingles well with learners so as to make them feel at ease and at home. Beside orientation, students get to know the various clubs, games and societies that are at the University. It is through these aspects that they get to interact well with other students (Harrisburgu, 2015). Different establishments may offer one workshop to get ready first year understudies for school. At Harris University, four courses are incorporated with the undergrad educational programs, to guide learners through every phase of Experiential Learning and the improvement of eight abilities. The main year course concentrates on the recognizable proof of abilities and practices connected with achievement. Discourses and assignments connect with learners in surveying learners own particular qualities, applying those to setting and accomplishing scholarly and vocations objectives, and diagramming them in an portfolio. In the second workshop, learners figure out how to apply assets to arranging and getting mentorships, tasks, and entry level positions. In year three, an individual from the staff guides learners with pragmatic guidance for finishing the rest of learners experiential instruction. Learners finish the fourth workshop in learners last semester at HU, when learners put the com pleting touches on learners portfolio in readiness for learners profession past HU. We don't know of another college that offers this level of vocation readiness (Mecklinger et al., 2014). Recommendation and Conclusion The university is a great place that permits learners from all parts of the globe to learn and social well. The culture differences get bridged at orientation. Through this learners get to acclimatize with the new environment and hence issues of depression, loneliness, confusion, boredom and many more get eradicated. The recommendation is that the university ought to make culture as part of the programs taught to all new students. It is through this that learners will appreciate the role of different cultures and makes it easy for foreign students to adapt to new environment. References Cheng, B. S., Boer, D., Chou, L. F., Huang, M. P., Yoneyama, S., Shim, D., ... Tsai, C. Y. (2014). Paternalistic Leadership in Four East Asian Societies Generalizability and Cultural Differences of the Triad Model. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1), 82-90. Choi, G., Mallinckrodt, B., Richardson, J. D. (2015). Effects of International Student Counselors' Broaching Statements About Cultural and Language Differences on Participants' Perceptions of the Counselors. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 43(1), 25-37. Harrisburgu, 2015). Harrisburg University Student Clubs Organizations. Retrieved from: https://www.harrisburgu.net/campuslife/student-clubs.php Holzmller, H. H., Meister, M. (2015). Cross-Cultural Differences in Consumer Response to Nutrition Labeling. In Proceedings of the 1995 World Marketing Congress (pp. 339-346). Springer International Publishing. Li, X., Roberts, J., Yan, Y., Tan, H. (2014). Management of cultural differences under various forms of ChinaUK higher education strategic alliances. Studies in Higher Education, (ahead-of-print), 1-25. Mecklinger, A., Kriukova, O., Mhlmann, H., Grunwald, T. (2014). Cross-cultural differences in processing of architectural ranking: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Cognitive neuroscience, 5(1), 45-53. Nahata, R., Hazarika, S., Tandon, K. (2014). Success in global venture capital investing: do institutional and cultural differences matter?. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 49(04), 1039-1070. Park, B., Tsai, J., Chim, L., Blevins, E., Knutson, B. (2015). Neural Evidence for Cultural Differences in the Valuation of Positive Facial Expressions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, nsv113. Schouten, B. C., Schinkel, S. (2015). Emotions in primary care: Are there cultural differences in the expression of cues and concerns?. Patient education and counseling. Yoon, J. M., Witthoft, N., Winawer, J., Frank, M. C., Everett, D. L., Gibson, E. (2014). Cultural Differences in Perceptual Reorganization in US and Piraha Adults.

Assessing Strategic Planning In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Example

Assessing Strategic Planning In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Example Assessing Strategic Planning In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Assessing Strategic Planning In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay The rapid development in the cordial reception industry which has lead to importance of strategic planning required in order the houses can hold a steady rise in the industry. The life criterions of people have been improved due to globalization which in title contribute to the development of the cordial reception industry. The variegation was a most of import precedence of the houses in order to use the high profiled client base which they possessed.It is easy to aim the clients who are in your door measure and this lead to assorted preparation of strategic programs to aim them. Strategic planning is an organisation frame work of specifying its scheme, or way, and doing determinations on apportioning its resources to prosecute this scheme, including its capital and people. Assorted concern analysis techniques can be used in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis ( Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats ) and PEST analysis ( Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis ) or STEER analysis ( Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors ) and EPISTEL ( Environment, Political, Informatics, Social, Technological, Economic and Legal ) . Strategic planning is the official consideration of an organisation s future class. All strategic planning trades with at least one of three cardinal inquiries: TheA cordial reception industryA consists of wide class of Fieldss within the service industry that includesA housing, A eating houses, A event planning, A subject Parkss, A transit, A sail line, and extra Fieldss within the touristry industry. The cordial reception industry is a several billion dollar industry that largely depends on the handiness of leisure clip and disposable income. A cordial reception unit such as a eating house, hotel, or even an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as installation care, direct operations ( waiters, A housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, A barmans, etc. ) , direction, selling, and human resources. The cordial reception industry includes a broad scope of organisations offering nutrient service and adjustment. The cordial reception industry is divided into sectors harmonizing to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include adjustment, nutrient and drink, meeting and events, gambling, amusement and diversion, touristry services, and visitant information. ( wikepedia n.d. ) Strategic planning for the cordial reception industry ( 1 ) The increasing popularity of strategic planning in recent times is attributed to speed uping alterations in industries and economic systems and increasing planetary competition. ( 2 ) The rapid development of strategic-planning that executives find utile. Firms that engage in strategic be aftering tend to hold higher public presentation. ( 3 ) A recent survey of hotels in the United Kingdom found that concern public presentation was positively associated with the thoroughness, edification, engagement, and formality of strategic-planning procedures. ( 4 ) Strategic analysis the systematic probe of a house and its environment is the foundation of the strategic direction procedure. STRATEGIC PLANNING IN JACK IN THE BOX Jack in the Box late announced programs to open 100 to 150 eating houses combined with convenience shops over the following five old ages. The shops will have life-size eating houses and besides sell gasolene and other typical convenience shop points such as staff of life and milk. How did Jack in the Box arrive at this determination? Harmonizing to the company s CEO, Bob Nugent, an analysis of the convenience-store market indicated that there was plentifulness of chance, chiefly because no single company dominates. The largest participant in the convenience-store industry which dominated the market, 7-Eleven, Inc. , controls somewhat over 4 per centum of the market. Compare this to fast nutrients, where McDonald s controls 43 per centum of the market and Jack in the Box a mere 4.6 per centum. Nugent besides justifies his determination on the footing of research which indicates that a convenience-store client is twice every bit likely to eat fast nutrient as a non-convenience-store client. ( 5 ) Strategic analysis can supply first-class information on which to establish long-range determinations such as this one. Knowledge is one of the most of import competitory arms a house can possess. ( 6 ) As the Jack in the Box illustration illustrates, detailed cognition about a house and its environment can be used to bring forth new thoughts for businessA and to measure the feasibleness of thoughts before they are really implemented. Strategic analysis besides allows a house s directors to go more cognizant of the company s strengths and failings and to understand the grounds behind successes and failures. Knowledge about the competitory environment can assist to expect and be after for alterations and foretell how rivals or other stakeholders such as clients or providers will react to new schemes or other organisational activities. Strategic analysis can open up channels of communicating between high-level directors and subsidiaries, leting them to portion thoughts and positions. The participative procedure will assist subsidiaries to accept alterations more readily after determinations are made. ( Harrison April, 2003 ) STRATEGIC PLANS AT FelCor LODGING TRUST For FelCor Lodging Trust, one of the largest hotel existent estate investing trusts ( REITs ) in the United States, a strategic planning exercising led the company to rethink its scheme. Naming itself the New FelCor, the house has made dramatic stairss toward shifting itself. The house concern scheme is to dispose of nonstrategic hotels, including all of its Holiday Inn Hotels located in secondary and third markets. After the sale, it will hold lower exposure to markets with low barriers to entry. Other elements of the new concern scheme are ( 1 ) To get hotels in high barrier to entry markets ( 2 ) To better the competitory placement of nucleus hotels through aggressive plus direction and the wise application of capital in the industry ( 3 ) To pay down debt through a combination of operational hard currency flow and the sale of nonstrategic hotels. The company will go a lower leveraged company with a stronger and to the full renovated portfolio of hotels. STRATEGIC Thinking AT STARWOOD When Starwood idea of spread outing their concern to a field which is relevant and easy to pull clients.They in hotel industry and had a close association with the luxury section clients so they thought Expansion through Diversification scheme in order use their same luxury client base to sell their freshly introduced Heavenly Bed . Westin Hotels A ; Resorts, with 169 hotels and resorts in more than 31 states and districts, is owned by Starwood Hotels A ; Resorts Worldwide, Inc The Heavenly Bed, foremost launched by the Westin trade name of Starwood Hotels A ; Resorts, has transformed the bed, a basic characteristic of any hotel room, into a epicurean object of desire, heightening the grosss of the concatenation and go forthing many hotel operators to follow suit with imitator linens and usage bedclothes of their ain. The strategic procedure at Starwood began with consumer analysis and merchandise testing. First, Westin conducted a survey affecting 600 concern executives who travel often. The consequences showed that 84 per centum said a epicurean bed would do a hotel room more attractive to them to bask the comfort. What is more, 63 per centum said a good dark slumber is the most of import service a hotel can supply. Half of those surveyed said they sleep worse in hotels than at place. After proving 50 beds from 35 housing ironss, Westin developed its paradigm all white Heavenly Bed with a usage designed pillow top mattress, goose down sympathizers, five pillows, and three chip sheets runing in yarn count from 180 to 250. Once the merchandise was designed and tested, the house introduced the bed with a carefully planned selling scheme are USA Today ran a narrative on the front page of its concern subdivision. The same twenty-four hours, 20 pristine white Heavenly Beds lined Wall Street up to the New York Stock Exchange in New York City. Inside the Stock Exchange, Barry Sternlicht, the so Chairman and CEO of Starwood Hotels A ; Resorts rang the gap bell and threw out chapeaus proclaiming, Work like the devil Sleep like an angel. Meanwhile, at New York Grand Central Station, 20 more beds graced one of the rotundas at that place, and commuters debarking the trains were invited to seek them out. Similar events were staged the same twenty-four hours at 38 locations across the United States, tailored to each metropolis. Savannah s event featured a bed drifting on a flatboat down the river with a landing skydiver. Seattle s event took topographic point atop the Space Needle. To reenforce the message, a coincident advertisement run asked, Who s the best in bed? AN EMERGING RETAIL STRATEGY FOR THE HEAVENLY BED In the early phases of presenting the heavenly bed.In the first hebdomad of establishing the Westin Heavenly Bed, 32 invitees were interested to purchase the bed. A light bulb went on. Westin executives put order cards with a toll free figure in every room. They started puting catalogs by bedsides and desks and put up a web site. By June of 2004, Westin had sold 20,000 pillows $ 75 for the male monarch sized version and 3,500 bed/bedding jazz band, at $ 2,965 each, plenty to distribute the thought throughout Starwood, with the Sheraton, St. Regis, and W lines all turning into retail merchants. The unforeseen success of the Heavenly Bed has spawned a new concern companies that help hotels run their retail weaponries. Boxport, a spin off of San Francisco based hotel pimp Higgins Purchasing Group, operates web sites and catalogs for several ironss that now sell bedclothes. In order to find where it is traveling, the organisation needs to cognize precisely where it stands, so find where it wants to travel and how it will acquire at that place. The resulting papers is called the strategic program. It is besides true that strategic planning may be a tool for efficaciously plotting the way of a company ; nevertheless, strategic be aftering itself can non announce precisely how the market will germinate and what issues will come up in the approaching yearss in order to be after your organisational scheme. Therefore, strategic invention and puttering with the strategic program have to be a basis scheme for an organisation to last the turbulent concern clime.

Good and Evil in Scarlet Letter Essay Essay Example

Good and Evil in Scarlet Letter Essay Essay Example Good and Evil in Scarlet Letter Essay Essay Good and Evil in Scarlet Letter Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Scarlet Letter â€Å"Inside each of us. there is the seed of both good and evil. It’s a changeless battle as to which one will win. And one can non be without the other† ( Burdon ) . The fresh _The Scarlet Letter_ absolutely illustrates this point utilizing complex and intricate characters that mirror world with both positive and negative facets of their character. The narrative begins in mid-17th century New England with Hester Prynne being publically humiliated for holding a kid out of marriage. She is branded with a vermilion missive â€Å"A† as an fornicator but refuses to unwrap who the male parent is. : Soon after. Hester’s former hubby shows up under the anonym of Roger Chillingworth and makes Hester promise non to state anyone who he is as he tries to run down her lover. As the narrative progresses. the reader and Chillingworth discover the individuality of Hester’s beloved as the curate. Arthur Dimmesdale. As Chillingworth Begins to psychologically torment Dimmesdale. He increasingly becomes more ugly. immorality. and distorted. In his novel. _The Scarlet Letter_ . Hawthorne uses the symbolism of the vermilion missive to convey that within each individual exists the capacity for both good and evil. First. Hawthorne utilizes the vermilion missive to asseverate that from all immorality. some sort of good is flowers. whether it is drastic or elusive. Even the most unfavourable of state of affairss. such as transporting the load of the vermilion missive. outputs an advantageous quality of some kind. For illustration. as the secret plan of the narrative begins. the adult females of the town are defaming Hester Prynne for her misbehaviors and discourse ways to penalize her and trade name her as an fornicator. While the unforgiving adult females try to contemn her. Hester enters the scene from the prison with her badge of shame. Hester Prynne had sewn her ain vermilion missive to publicize her wickedness. â€Å"It was so artistically done. and with so much birthrate and gorgeous lushness of illusion. that it had all the consequence of a last and fitting ornament to the dress which she wore. and which was of a luster in conformity with the gustatory sensation of the age. but greatly beyond what was allowed by the sumptuary ordinances of the colony† ( Hawthorne 9 ) . Even in the purely puritan settlement of Boston. Hester chooses to revenge as an person instead than reform. Hawthorne uses the evident grade of shame to show Hester’s differentiation as an elegant. strong. and fertile adult female that can deduce the beauty from even the worst state of affairss. Subsequently in the book. the governor inquiries Hester on why she should be able to maintain Pearl. He calls Hester â€Å"One who hath stumbled and fallen amid the booby traps of this world† ( 61 ) and inquiries her ability to care for Pearl’s â€Å"temporal and ageless welfare† ( 61 ) . â€Å"‘I can learn my small Pearl what I have learned from this! ’ answered Hester Prynne. Puting her finger on the ruddy token† ( 61 ) . From the governor’s position. the vermilion missive is a clear symbol of wickedness. However. in her ain world. Hester has shifted the significance of the missive to non merely a valuable lesson that she can go through on. but besides a badge that exhibits her individualism along with her immorality. The vermilion missive doubtless displays that there is virtue in even the worst immorality or shame. Second. Hawthorne employs the vermilion missive to convey that within all good. there is evil hidden. no affair how pure the component may look. Even the most model looking citizens may hide dark and evil wickednesss. For case. as Pearl is playing by the sea. her female parent watches her brand an array of things out of seaweed. Along with the scarves and headgears. Pearl creates a missive â€Å"A† on her ain bosom. As Hester inquiries her as to what she thinks it means. Pearl begins to ask Hester in response. â€Å"‘What does the missive mean. mother? And why dost 1000 wear it? And why does the curate maintain his manus over his bosom? ’ ‘What shall I state? ’ thought Hester to herself. â€Å"No! If this be the monetary value of the child’s understanding. I can non pay it† ( Hawthorne 127 ) . Despite the supplication of her kid. Hester still refuses to edify Pearl to what the vermilion missive on her bosom signifies. Hawthorne uses the vermilion missive as an analogy of secrets that are held. Many condemnable Acts of the Apostless are kept concealed to protect people who are excessively immature. naive. or guiltless to cognize the truth. Subsequently in the book. Reverend Dimmesdale becomes mortally ill. As he walks up onto the scaffold. He barely has any strength left. Dimmesdale must be supported by Hester and Pearl merely to stand up. With his last spot of energy. Dimmesdale announces that he is guilty of the same wickedness for which the people have punished Hester. â€Å"With a spasmodic gesture. he tore the ministerial set from before his chest. It was revealed! But it were irreverent to depict that revelation† ( 198 ) . With all of his strength and life. Dimmesdale died uncovering his dark secret: That he was a evildoer alternatively of the morally perfect adult male he had feigned being. However. as a genuinely good adult male. Dimmesdale knew that before he passed. he needed to turn out that even the most well-thought-of among adult male concealed some kind of immorality and that seeable evildoers should non be shunned. Hester’s and Dimmesdale’s letters both epitomize the immorality that hides within all good. Finally. Hawthorne uses the symbol of the vermilion missive to turn out that no affair how good a individual is. he or she can neer eliminate immorality within his or her ego. Even the most holy and sort people have some kind of black tarnish that can non be erased. Likewise. As Hester confronts Chillingworth about his persecution of Dimmesdale. Chillingworth begins to sympathise with Hester. In an effort to comfort Hester. if merely for a minute. Chillingworth informs her about the council’s treatment refering the remotion of her vermilion missive. Alternatively of the gracious response he expected. Chillingworth was met with a much colder and wiser rejoinder: â€Å"‘it lies non in the pleasance of the magistrates to take off the badge. ’ calmly replied Hester. ‘Were I worthy to be quit of it. it would fall off of its ain nature. or be transformed into something that should talk a different purport† ( Hawthorne 115 ) . Even when the chance arises. Hester knows that she does non hold the ability to get away her dark title. Despite Chillingworth doing a gesture that would necessarily better her life. Hester is really cognizant of the fact that no affair what she does. her grade would remain with her forever: physically or at bosom. Later in the narrative. Dimmesdale and Hester are be aftering to run off to England together. As the renounce their old lives. Hester thrusts her vermilion missive across the river to get down their new era together. However. as they call over Pearl to fall in them. she refuses to come near. Hester realizes that Pearl will non come near because of the fact that her female parent is losing something that is portion of who she is. â€Å"But. in really truth. she is right as respects to this hateful item. I must bear its anguish yet a small longer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( 156 ) . although Pearl is non precisely certain what the vermilion missive symbolizes. she knows that it is an of import portion of Hester that she can non hedge. Hester rapidly comprehends Pearls wisdom and admits that she must populate with her wickedness. The vermilion missive clearly demonstrates that good can neer to the full cast aside immorality. In decision. the vermilion missive in Hawthorne’s _The Scarlet Letter_ represents the unbreakable nexus between good and evil within everybody. Whether he is saying that from all evil. good flowers ; within good. people hide evil ; or that good can neer to the full cast aside evil. Hawthorne strongly conveys the point that Evil and Good can non be within person without their opposite number.

Intercutural Conflict Resolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Intercutural Conflict Resolution - Assignment Example Culture is a primary influence of certain behavior, for instance, how individuals communicate or, essentially, how individual relate to one another. Moreover, conflicts arise when one individual enters a certain group of individuals who are of different behaviors since adaptation will need some bit of clashing. In essence, it is better for one to acquire culture for persuasive communication if actually that culture can pave the way for certain interactions. Culture-specific knowledge can include the taboos and codes for the culture one wishes to acquire. It is imperative that different ways in which people embrace while resolving conflicts exist, hence, the term â€Å"intercultural conflicts resolution†. Mitchell Hammer did set a system that resolves the cultural conflicts (Lederach, 1996, p.67). The system is of two theories, namely direct versus indirect. In addition, he believes that people should heed the fact that cultural communities have different styles that conflict their culture in communities. Hence, that knowledge calls for mutual understanding of one’s behavior to avoid conflicting issues. In this scenario, verbal direct path is vital, this is because one will mean what he or she says, and again will say what he or she means. The northern European and white American cultures are admirable examples of the cultures that use discussion styles in communication, and so this is the best way of conflict dodging. Similarly, the engagement style also fits proper communication that avoids conflict. It is noteworthy that in the engagement style, sincerity is a key factor and so it judges the intensity that each party passes to communicate. Moreover, the recommendation style puts its emphasis on the language that is ambiguous. This minimizes the chance of conflict arousal. Herein, this style maintains calm emotion and, hence, reserving it to avoid conflict. Emphasizing conflict does arise between the

Certified fitness trainer (Question5) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Certified fitness trainer (Question5) - Essay Example Secondly, you must also work out the core and abdominal muscles to strengthen them up. The media and magazines are pushing these myths because over a period of time people have become accustomed to taking it for absolute truth. They continue exercising in the same way and get the same result. Also so that people don’t fall prey to these myths and their efforts are not wasted or worse still detrimental to their health. Let us analyze the first fallacy - a result is no guarantee that it is beneficial to a person in the long run. For instance, if we perform countless sit-ups every day we will see a difference at the end of the period. So we assume that the exercise works since we can see a result, but do we really benefit from having stronger, tightened abdominal muscles? Or have we just got tightened muscles that will put Das 2 undue stress on our frame? Will it make any difference to our performance? Are we feeling stronger or are we just feeling tightness in an over-active mus cle? This is the second fallacy. Therefore, articles and advertisements on the internet and in magazines should depict different health and exercise myths and provide factually accurate fitness and health advice based on scientific reasoning to spread the awareness and to enhance performance. It should tell us the right way of exercising and its effect. Das 3 Works Cited Busy Woman’s Guide To Health & Fitness.

Emergency, Exception and New Technologies in International Relations Essay

Emergency, Exception and New Technologies in International Relations - Essay Example In it, malicious actions such as usurping, destroying, altering, disabling, or damaging them occur. These are collectively known as â€Å"cyber attacks.† Lin asserts that cyber conflict has attained a level where it is a humanitarian issue but it is still not fully addressed by existing interventions such as the Geneva Conventions and the UN Charter. This is because these interventions (instruments) are outdated in that cyberspace is a new technology as compared to their establishment time. As such, cyber conflicts are bound to affect organizations, people, groups, and territories in the near future. Again, he asserts that the world is yet to experience a serious form of cyber conflict because no stringent countermeasures exist in preventing such (Lin, 2012). The increasing importance of IT, though very beneficial when applied, has dragged along a detrimental side to it. The fact that IT is universal (global) means that what is taught in one continent is the same thing that will be taught in another. As such, creating or attacking IT systems is possible from any point of the earth; adding up to cyber conflict. Cyber conflict can be caused by two levels of hostilities: technology-based and people-based approaches. Technology-based hostility refers to cyber attack conducted using purely technological tools such as software, programs, or computer hardware. This includes gaining access to restricted systems, interfering with them using a payload, and gaining in one way from doing so. People-based cyber hostility occurs when people are tricked (through scam), bribed, or blackmailed to conduct the attack from inside the target IT systems. Collectively, these forms of cyber attack/ hostility have led to the emergence of new countermeasures or frameworks. These are intended to protect IT systems from both vulnerabilities emerging from both offensive approaches. Lin presents two policies that can be implemented in preventing or minimizing vulnerability; defense

Modern Hot Metal Desulfurization

Modern Hot Metal Desulfurization Modern Hot Metal Desulfurization And Dephosphorization Technologies Introduction The purpose of phosphorus and sulfur removal is to decrease the concentration of these particles along with the undesired inclusions (oxides, borides, nitrides, carbides, and chlorides) to accomplish the final product quality requirements [5]. Dephosphorization involves low temperature, high slag basicity (CaO/ SiO2 ratio) and high oxygen activity whereas desulphurization entails high temperature, high slag basicity (CaO/ SiO2 ratio) and low oxygen activity. Initially, dephosphorization was performed by the addition of iron ores in the blast furnace runner. Soda ash (Na2CO3) was used in the blast furnace house during desulphurization. Subsequently, dephosphorization was improved by the subsurface injection of reagents in vessels, such as torpedo or submarine cars. Desulfurization was enhanced by co-injection of lime and magnesium into the hot metal transfer ladles [6]. The following dephosphorization and desulphurization technologies are reviewed: 1. Dephosphorization by the multirefining converter (MURC) process 2. Dephosphorization using CaO aggregates 3. Desulfurization by Magnesium 4. Desulfurization by flux injection using a new kinetic model 5. Desulfurization by the CFD modeling 1. Dephosphorization By The Murc Process The multirefining converter (MURC) process claims to improve the efficiency of the dephosphorization procedure by reducing the cost and minimizing the slag volume. It is a new hot metal pretreatment in which dephosphorization and decarburization processes are developed in the same converter for further reduction of the decarburization slag. The MURC process reduces the amount of slag by 50 % in comparison to the conventional pretreatment processes (30 %). The decarburization slag is continuously recycled (Figure 1). A low basicity dephosphorization slag is discharged from the MURC due to the high amount of total iron in the slag (T Fe) and no desiliconization treatment of the hot metal. This results into a valuable utilization of the dephosphorization slag in the steelmaking process. 2. Dephosphorization Using Cao Aggregates The multiphase dephosphorization slag is analyzed through the addition of calcium ferrite flux powder into hot metal. It is observed that high [Si] content (0.15 %) shows a similar CaO efficiency for dephosphorization than low [Si] content (0.00 %). The low [Si] content exhibits calcium phosphate (3CaO.P2O5) whereas high [Si] content shows a combination of calcium silicate (2CaO.SiO2), and calcium phosphate. The formation of these solid phases explains a similar CaO efficiency under different [Si] content. 3. Desulfurization By Magnesium Desulfurization is enhanced by the stirring effect of Mg bubbles in the hot metal. The reaction speeds up by the addition of lime and CaC2. These desulfurization reagents were tested in ArcelorMital Indiana Harbor. The typical inclusions before reagent injection were TiC and MnS. TiO2 is added to protect the graphite lining in the blast furnace. MgS + TiC and MgS were the most frequent inclusions after the reagent injection. MnS inclusions were not observed after this stage. This means, most of these inclusions floated up at the end of desulphurization. Further improvement of desulfurization can be achieved by Al addition. The latter reacts with lime to form lower melting point calcium aluminates. 4. Desulfurization By Flux Injection Using A New Kinetic Model Desulfurization is performed by introducing powder reagents (CaO, calcium carbonate, calcium diamide carbonate) into the hot metal using either core wired or a carrier gas (nitrogen). This creates a complex variety of interfaces in torpedo ladles (Figure 2) [7]. There are two reaction modes that are present in the heterogeneous/ immiscible phases. The first mode is related to the transitory reaction between the liquid steel and powder particles. The second mode is the permanent reaction between the slag on the surface and the molten steel. Desulfurization in torpedo ladles. The interfaces are: (1) Jet zone; (2) bubbles and particles rise in the plume zone; (3) bubbles emerge in the breakthrough zone; (4) slag zone; (5) gas-slag-metal emulsion forms in the dispersion zone; (6) metal reacts with lining in the lining zone; (7) lowest stirring intensity in the intermediate zone Several parameters influence the desulfurization of hot metal and are predicted by a new model of submerged powder injection. The total amount of the flux is considered to be liquid at steelmaking temperature and the injection rate along with the time lapse can be determined. The total sulfur removal rate for both the permanent contact (top slag) and transitory (injection powder) mode is obtained by the following equation, The right hand side of the reaction is related to the transitory reaction. This equation is only useful during the powder injection. After that, the right hand side becomes worthless. Sulfide solubility in slag is restricted. Once the sulfide solubility limit is reached, a pure sulfide phase grows within the slag to absorb the excess of sulfur. Sulfide saturation may occur before the slag and metal reach equilibrium. The speed of the reaction is reduced until the sulfur content is dropped. Excess of sulfur in permanent reactions produces a reversion reaction and further desulphurization cannot occur. The transitory reaction removes the excess of sulfur by the continuously addition of fresh powder into the torpedo ladle. It is also recommended to deslag after powder injection. Figure 3 is divided into [% S] wt % and reaction rate. The experimental results are obtained from the 20 CaO-60CaF2-20Al2O3 (by weight) powder injection under an argon atmosphere into 3.4-3.8 kg cast iron at 1310 Â °C. Once the slag (permanent-contact reaction) experiences an excess of sulfur at 420 s, the sulfur concentration decreases continuously until 950 s. The contributions of the permanent and transitory reactions are also displayed. The permanent reaction increases with time until it is saturated. The transitory reaction never approaches to saturation conditions. The difference between these two reactions is not significant large. Therefore, the contribution of these both reactions is generally equal. 5. Desulfurization By CFD Modeling Synthetic slag is used on the desulfurization process due to its reuse in several treatments. The sulfur is transferred to the synthetic slag followed by slag regeneration. Slag regeneration is performed by the oxygen injection to produce gaseous sulfur dioxide (Equation 3). The sulfur distribution also differs from the slag and the metal once desulfurization begins (Figure 4). A porous plug at the bottom of the vessel is used to inject nitrogen in the hot metal. The fluid velocity is increased to optimize the desulfurization rate to improve sulfur transport. Therefore, CFD analyzes the desulfurization and slag regeneration processes to optimize the plug position and calculate the drift velocity of gas bubbles, desulfurization rate, among other parameters, for future design of desulphurization processes. Conclusions Multirefining converter (MURC) (1) Dephosphorization and decarburization are carried out in the same converter, reducing the slag volume for better industrial, economical and environmental purposes (2) The dephosphorization efficiency is increased by greater amounts of CaO to produce solid phases, such as 3CaOP2O5 and 2CaSiO2 Desulfurization by Mg (1) TiC particles are nucleation sites for MnS and MgS (2) MgS inclusions are the most frequent particles after the reagent injection Desulfurization by flux injection using a new kinetic model (1) A new model is developed to evaluate and identify separately the transitory and permanent reactions (2) This model helps to predict the excess of sulfur to avoid reversion of it in the hot metal (3) The contributions of the transitory and permanent contact reactions are observed to be in a similar proportion, concluding equal influence in the powder injection technique CFD Modelling (1) The desulfurization and slag regeneration are successfully modeled using thermal and transport mechanisms References [1] S.Y. Kitamura, K. Yonezawa, Y. Ogawa, N. Sasaki (2002). Improvement of reaction efficiency in hot metal dephosphorization, 29 (2), 121-124 [2] Q. Liu, H. Pielet, P. Kaushik B. Chukwulebe (2009). AISTech 2009 Proceedings. An investigation of hot metal desulfurization by Mg, 1, 821-827 [3] S. Ohguchi and D.G.C. Robertson (1984). Kinetic model for refining by submerged powder injection: Part 1 Transitory and permanent contact reactions, 11(5), 261-274 [4] S. Pirker, P. Gittler, H. Pirker J. Lehner (2002). Elsevier. CFD, a design tool for a new hot metal desulfurization technology, 26, 337-350 [5] X. LV and L. Zhang (2008). Removal of impurity elements from molten aluminum: part 1. A review. 1, 1-35 [6] R.J. Fruehan (Ed.) (1998). The making, shaping and treating of steel (11th ed.). Pittsburgh: The AISE Steel Foundation [7] M. Sadmi S. Ashhab (2007). Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. Application of neural net modeling and inverse control to the desulfurization of hot metal process, 1 (2), 79-84

Decade by Amy Lowell :: English Literature:

Decade by Amy Lowell When you came, you were like red wine and honey, And the taste of you burnt my mouth with its sweetness. Now you are like morning bread, Smooth and pleasant. I hardly taste you at all for I know your savour, But I am completely nourished. Amy Lowell produced the majority of her poems after her acquaintance with the actress Ada Russell, a widow eleven years older than Lowell, with whom she shared the last thirteen years of her life. Russell became Lowell’s beloved companion, secretary, and nurturing muse. They lived together in a â€Å"Boston marriage† until Lowell’s death and many of Lowell’s most poignant love poems, including Opal, Madonna of the Evening Flowers etc. were written for Ada Russell. The poem â€Å"Decade† was written as a celebration of the ten-year anniversary of Ada and Amy’s relationship. However, there is no gender specification of a lover so one could dedicate it to someone of the opposite sex. Simple in its form, rich in imagery and symbolism the poem depicts powerfully the deep emotional bond between two people after ten years of relationship. At the beginning of the relationship, the beloved was â€Å"like red wine and honey†, and his taste burnt with its sweetness. The â€Å"red wine† symbolizes the passion felt in the beginning. Red is a color that denotes something sudden, passionate and strong and wine is intoxicant, making someone dizzy with its sweetness and alcohol. The red wine alludes to the forcefulness and passion of love. Gradually, the sweet red wine has become â€Å"like morning bread†, â€Å"smooth and pleasant†. The taste of the bread is familiar and the poetess hardly tastes it. Nevertheless, she is completely nourished. Morning bread is something vital for our everyday nutrition. It is an invaluable article of food and keeps us full and nourished. We need it every day and a meal is incomplete without it. So, now the lover is essential to the other’s life. Life cannot exist without him. Perhaps the passion and the burning sweetness have gone, but what remains is a

Evaluate Learning Activities Essay

After any learning activity it is important to evaluate how the activity went. This is because it gives both the children and staff members a chance to reflect on the learning which has taken place and establish whether or not the learning objective was achieved. To evaluate effectively you should refer to the original learning objective to see what you set out to achieve and then reflect on the outcome and whether or not this outcome was satisfactory and that the targets you set have been met. In order to evaluate accurately you must be sure to make learning objectives very clear at the planning stage. This must be done in a way that ensures learners fully understand what the outcomes mean and the outcomes must be achievable for everyone in the group regardless of ability and within the time that you have available. The learning objective should be set out in a way which makes it easy for you to assess pupils against it. A good knowledge of the success criteria is also important when evaluating learning as children may not necessarily achieve the learning objective despite fully involving themselves in the lesson and showing real enthusiasm. Where this is the case you should record how hard the child worked and take a look at the reasons they did not meet the objective and see how you can help them the next time. The resources you have used also play an important part in how successful an activity is so you should evaluate the resources you used and whether or not they were used correctly and decide if there were other things you could have used that may have been more relevant and beneficial to that particular task. Continual assessment is important to monitor a Childs progress and while you should share the information with other teaching staff it is also important to share it with the child. This allows the child to share with you any concerns they have, things that they find difficult and things they enjoy which allows you to plan activities accordingly. It also gives you the chance to give them praise and encouragement by telling them which things they are doing really well at, how proud you are of what they have achieved and offer reassurance that they should not worry about things they find hard because you can do extra work on these areas and help them to understand. While it can sometimes be difficult to find time during the school day to give feedback to the teacher you must find a way to do this whether it is in a written report brief discussion or phone call. Not only do you need to report on the pupils progress and weaknesses you should also inform them of any difficulties you experience during an activity, such as disruptive pupils so that the problem can be addressed and resolved. It is important to be careful when giving feedback that while you are honest you are also tactful and do not lay blame for the activity on the teachers inadequate planning or the fact that the activity was not stimulating enough. The better the relationship you have with the teacher the easier it will be for you to put your point of view across and work well together to improve the learning environment and achieve better results. Always be positive when making your suggestions or giving feedback. Providing the teacher with feedback on the learner’s progress and participation can be done in various ways. If a child has not been participating you may just need to briefly mention it to the teacher and try and come up with strategies to help them get more involved in future activities. When a child is disruptive you can either discuss this with the teacher or make a written record of how the child was behaving, if you think there was anything that caused the behaviour, the effect it had on the rest of the group, how you tried to resolve the issue and manage the behaviour, whether you were successful in disciplining the child and what you think you could do to avoid the problem arising again. Hopefully the teacher will then respond and give you feedback on whether they have experienced similar problems with that child and how they dealt with it. Keeping records on how a child is progressing is also essential as it allows all staff involved to see which areas the child is ma king progress in and where they need to improve, it also lets everyone know the level that the child is at so that the appropriate level of work can be set. In order to support learning activities effectively it is important to reflect on what you have done and consider how you managed different activities. When an activity is finished you may feel disappointed with the outcome. Activities don’t always go to plan or achieve what you wanted them to and this can be for a variety of reasons When you feel that things didn’t work out the way you expected you have to reflect on the session and ask yourself how it went? Which aspects were you pleased with? What did not go as well as you planned? What would you change if you had to do the activity again? By doing this you can improve the way you plan activities which will benefit yourself and the children. To be able to effectively teach various areas of the curriculum you must ensure that your own knowledge of the subject is of a high standard and if you are out of practice and unsure of some subjects ask for help or update your qualifications. Many establishments provide refresher courses to bring Maths, English and ICT up to an acceptable level for working in a school setting. If you are unsure of a subject or a teaching method your uncertainty will be apparent to the children and your lack of knowledge will confuse them. You cannot possibly teach a child something you know nothing about so you should find out about the subject matter ahead of the lesson by doing some research. You should make sure you communicate with other members of staff to find out the strategies they use and information they pass on to the children so that they do not receive conflicting advice or information and become unsure of what they are supposed to be learning. While I feel that my basic English, Maths and ICT skills are at an acceptable level I realise that it has been quite some time since I studied them and intend to familiarise myself with the curriculum and strategies that schools at the present time use to educate the children so that I feel more confident in helping and advising the pupils that I work with. I intend to do this by accessing the resources the school uses and familiarising myself with them while also asking for advice from other teaching assistants.

How to Become an Author The Ultimate Guide from a Bestseller

How to Become an Author The Ultimate Guide from a Bestseller How to Become an Author: Your Complete Guide So you want to become an author Well, I’ve got good news and I’ve got bad news. The bad news first: Writing your book wont be easy. If you’re in the middle of that process, you’re nodding right now. But here’s the good news: All that work isa small price for the amazing possibilities it can open to you: Getting published Enjoying a career you love Impacting people with your writing Media attention Royalty income In this extensive guide, my goal is to give you an honest look at how to become a writer- using lessons I’ve learned from 40+ years working with some of the top publishers in the world. Having written 21 New York Times bestsellers myself, I’m confident these lessons will help you in your writing journey. Ready? Let’s do it. What You Will Learn Here’s the short version of everything I cover in this complete, step-by-step post: DON’T Try toBecome an Author Until Youve Studied the Craft and Polished Your Skills Written Things Shorter Than a Book Plugged Yourself into a Community of Writers Writing Your Book Create a Writing Schedule You Can Stick to Research and Plan Keep Your Day Job Become a Ferocious Self-Editor Trying to Land a Publishing Contract How to Get an Agent Selling a Publisher Editing Your Book Like Crazy (Again) with an Editor Should You Self-Publish? An Overview of Self-Publishing How to Set Your Book Apart Choosing the Right Self-Publishing Company The #1 Killer of Self-Published Books Want to save this 5000-word guide to read later? Click here to get a free PDF version you can read anytime. 1. DON’T Try toBecome a Writer Until You’ve I get it. You’re antsy. You’re ready to pen your bestseller right now. You’ve read or heard of writers who had never written a thing before and yet scored with a million-seller on their first try. Throttle back. Those stories become big news because they’re so rare. Don’t bank on winning the lottery. If you want your book (and your message) to go anywhere, make sure you’ve: Studied the Craft There’s no need to write a compelling story by trial and error anymore. Others have already done it for you- and written books about it. So your best bet is to follow proven methods. Great writers are great readers. Sohere’s a list of my favorite 12 books on writing to get you started. The competition has gotten so fierce, you’ll do yourself a favor if you learn how successful authors write before you try to get a second look from a publisher. Take the time to learn what you’re doing. You’ll thank yourself later. Written Things Shorter Than a Book A book shouldn’t be where you start any more than you should enroll in grad school when you’re a kindergartner. A book is where you arrive. Start small, learn the craft, hone your skills. Do some journaling. Write a newsletter. Start a blog. Get articles published in a couple of magazines, a newspaper, an ezine. Take a night school or online course in journalism or creative writing. Publishers are looking for authors with platforms (in short: audiences, tribes, followers, fans). So start building yours now. Any of the pieces above will start building steam behind your writing, and boost name recognition for you as a writer. If you’re planning to start blogging, check out this post on creating an author website. Bottom line:Work a quarter-million clicheÃŒ s out of your system, learn what it means to be edited, become an expert in something, build your platform, and then start thinking about that book or novel. Plugged Yourself into a Community of Writers Think you can do it alone? Then you’re a better writer than I. Almost every traditionally published author I know is surrounded by a helpful community. How else would they deal with things like: Frustration Discouragement Procrastination Wanting to quit I’ve written over 185 books, yet I often wonder whether I can finish the next one. At this stage for me, community means knowing I can be encouraged by colleagues whenever I need it. When you’re starting out, another pair of eyes on your work can prove to be invaluable. Ten pairs of eyes are even better. Join a writers’ group. Find a mentor. Stay open to criticism. One caveat with writers’ groups: make sure at least one person, preferably the leader, is widely published and understands the publishing landscape. Otherwise you risk the blind leading the blind. 2. Writing Your Book Surprisingly, most people never get this far. Whether it’s fear or procrastination or something else, few writers ever make it to the first page. To avoid becoming part of this sad group, you need a plan. So regardless your personal writing method, be sure to cover these bases: Create a Writing Schedule You Can Stick To When you’re an author, writing becomes your job. So treat it that way. Show up and do the work whether you feel like it or not. Writer’s block is no excuse. In no other profession could you get away with getting out of work by claiming you have worker’s block. Try that and see what it gets you- likely a pink slip. Find at least six hours a week to write. Well, find is the wrong word, of course. You won’t find it, you’ll have to carve out the time. Lock these hours into your calendar and keep them sacred. If you can’t think of what to write, then edit. If you can’t edit, plan. You’ll be astonished at your ability to get stuff done when you finally plant yourself in your chair. Challenge: Don’t move until you have scheduled at least six hours. Research and Plan To give your manuscript the best chance to succeed, skip this step at your peril. Excellent preparation will make or break your book. Two main ways you should be preparing: 1. Outline. Regardless how you feel about outlining, you need an idea of where you’re going before you start. If you’re writing a novel, you’re either an outliner or a pantser- those who write by the seat of their pants. (If you’re writing a nonfiction book, an outline is a given.) On the fiction side, the definition of an outliner is obvious. You plan everything beforehand. But pantsers write by process of discovery- or as Stephen King puts it, they â€Å"put interesting characters in difficult situations and write to find out what happens.† Neither is better or worse. But most writers are one or the other (a few are hybrids, largely one over the other but doing a little of both). But, depending on which you are, you’ll approach the planning phase completely differently. If you’re a hardcore outliner (and a novelist), you’ll enjoy my friend and colleague Randy Ingermanson’s Snowflake Method. But if you’re a pantser, check out this post for non-outliners. Itll teach you how to work within a structure while staying free enough to writeon the fly. 2. Do the research. All great stories are rooted in solid research. If your research stinks, your story sinks. If your character drives 10 miles east out of the Chicago Loop, he’d better be in an amphibious vehicle, because he’ll be in Lake Michigan. (And you thought I was joking about sinking.) To avoid such embarrassing errors, do your research. Immerse yourself in the details of your setting. Make sure no characters are wearing ski jackets when it’s 95 degrees outside. Two online research tools that will help you avoid mistakes: The World Atlas A directory of some of the world’s top almanacs Don’t Quit Your Day Job I didn’t become a full-time freelance author until I had written and published nearly 90 books. I had been advised by a veteran author that my freelance income ought to be around three times what I made at my job before I considered going solo. I was stunned. Why so much more? He started listing everything I would have to pay for on my own. Insurance, retirement, all my benefits. I had always been careful to separate my writing and my office work, but during my off hours on business trips I might do some research. No more. Any travel would be on me. Your day job doesn’t have to keep you from writing your book. You might not like this, but I recommend you keep it and spend your after-hours time writing your book. Why? Two reasons: You’ll have steady income- one less thing to worry about- while trying to build your writing career. The structure will force you to be more productive with fewer hours. So, yes, you can have your cake and eat it too- without sacrificing time with family. You lose three hours per night for what, TV? How big a sacrifice is that for your writing dream? How badly do you want to become an author? Become a Writer Ferocious About Self-Editing This section is so important that it has the power to determine whether your book makes a huge splash with readers and publishers- or slides into the editor’s reject pile after the first page or two. Get serious about self-editing. Editors know from the first page whether your manuscript is publishable. I know that doesn’t sound fair or even logical. You’re thinking, It took me months, maybe years, to write hundreds of pages and you didn’t even get to the good stuff! How could they do that to you? Why did they? First, the good stuff ought to be in the first two paragraphs. And if they see 15 adjustments they need to make on the first two pages, they know the cost of editing three or four hundred pages of the same would eat whatever profits they could hope for before even printing the book. To avoid the dreaded â€Å"Thank you, but this doesn’t meet a current need† letter, your manuscript must be lean and mean, besides being a great story and a great read. Here are my 21 rules of ferocious self-editing: Develop a thick skin. Avoid throat-clearing. Choose the normal word over the obtuse. Omit needless words. Avoid subtle redundancies, like: â€Å"She nodded her head in agreement.† Those last four words could be deleted. Avoid the words up and down- unless they’re really needed. Usually delete the word that. Use it only for clarity. Give the reader credit. Once you’ve established something, you don’t need to repeat it. Avoid telling what’s not happening. Avoid being an adjectival maniac. Avoid hedging verbs like smiled slightly, almost laughed, frowned a bit, etc. Avoid the term literally- when you mean figuratively. Avoid too much stage direction. Maintain a single point of view (POV) for every scene. Avoid clichà ©s, and not just words and phrases, but situations. Resist the urge to explain (RUE). Show, don’t tell. People say things; they don’t wheeze, gasp, sigh, laugh, grunt, or retort them. Specifics add the ring of truth, even to fiction. Avoid similar character names. In fact, avoid even the same first initials. Avoid mannerisms of punctuation, typestyles, and sizes. 3. Trying to Land a Publishing Contract Want to save this 5000-word guide to read later? Click here to get a free PDF version you can read anytime. I’m not going to sugarcoat it- this isn’t easy. But if you have a solid plan (and if you’ve followed the guide), you’ve got as good a chance as any. This section will show you how to become an author by revealing the options available. These best practices can vastly increase your likelihood of getting published. How to Get an Agent Your first step in trying to land a traditional publishing deal should be to land an agent- which can be just as difficult, as it should be. There will seem a dichotomy here, because you are likely writing for altruistic reasons- you have a mission, a passion, a message, something burning inside that you must share with the world. Yet agents or publishers will appear to base their decisions solely on the bottom line. If they see sales potential, they will accept it; if they don’t they won’t. But don’t despair. That doesn’t mean they don’t share your passion. It simply means they must make a profit to stay in business- even faith-based publishers who are all about ministry. Though it’s hard to find an agent, it is possible to get traditionally published without one. Most will not consider unsolicited manuscripts, though some will. Check The Writer’s Market Guide and The Christian Writer’s MarketGuide for publishers that don’t require agent-represented manuscript submissions. Some will allow you to submit at writers conferences or through other clients of theirs. Be aware that it’s not unheard of to submit an unsolicited manuscript to dozens of publishers without success. An agent can make your life a lot easier. A plethora of new doors open because of your agent’s connections. Besides the instant credibility of an agent’s approval and the knowledge that your writing has survived a vetting process, you also get valuable input and coaching on how to fashion your query and proposal from someone who understands the publishing industry, knows the players and who’s looking for what, and has experience successfully pitching publishers. Obviously, there are good agents and bad agents. How do you know whom you can trust? The credible agent welcomes scrutiny. So find reviews. Check with other clients. Ask: How did their book turn out? Did they feel taken care of? Were they pleased with the results? Feel free to ask agents: What kinds of books have they succeeded with? Have they succeeded in your genre? Once you compile a list of agents who seem to be a good fit, follow their submission guidelines. They’ll likely ask for a query letter, synopsis, proposal, and perhaps a few chapters. If any ask for any sort of reading fee or other payment up front, eliminate them as candidates and do not respond. Before you do anything else, check out these submission guidelines from two agents I’m familiar with. I’m not necessarily evaluating or endorsing them, except to say that I know them to be ethical and trustworthy and find their guidelines helpful and sound. Their pages will give you a good idea of what typical agents are looking for. Steve Laube’s guidelines Hartline Literary’s guidelines Two things you may be asked for- and which some writers struggle with: 1. A query letter This is an easy way to reach out to an agent, but many prefer more- like a full proposal, which we’ll get to. Most agents prefer submissions of any kind to be electronically submitted as an attachment, not as part of the body of your message. Avoid snail mail. Make your query letter crisp and short. The shorter (while saying what you need to say) the better. A query letter is just what its name implies- it queries the interest of the agent in your book idea. So make it stimulating and intriguing. Remember, you’re selling your book to the agent. Four essential parts of an effective query letter: a. Your elevator pitch This is a summary of your book’s premise, told in the time it would take for the editor to reach his floor if you happened to find yourself in the same elevator car. So it has to be fast and convincing. Here’s the elevator pitch for my very first novel: â€Å"A judge tries a man for a murder the judge committed.† It worked. b. Your synopsis In a paragraph, tell what your nonfiction book is about and what you hope to accomplish with it. Or tell the basic premise of the plot of your novel. The synopsis would naturally go beyond the elevator pitch and tell what happens and how things turn out. (Note: Almost any plot, when reduced to a one- or two-paragraph synopsis, sounds ridiculous.) c. Your target audience and why they’ll enjoy your book Agents need to believe they can sell it before they’ll ask you for more. Help them envision how to pitch it to publishers, but be careful not to oversell. They know the business better than you do and will not be swayed by your assurance that â€Å"everyone will find this amazing.† You can say that your audiences have been enthusiastic or that beta readers have expressed excitement. d. Your personal information Sell the agent on yourself. What qualifies you to write this book? What else have you published? What kind of tribe have you built? Where can they read your blog? Of course you’re including all your contact information. Other query letter tips: Keep it to one page, single-spaced, and 12 pt. sans serif type. Don’t sell too hard- let your premise speak for itself. Follow the agent’s submission guidelines to a T. Proof your letter before sending. Any typo on such a short document makes you look like an amateur. Here’s a great example of a query letter, with a breakdown of why it works, by Brian Klems of Writer’s Digest. 2. A book proposal You’ll find that for most agents, this is the most important document they want to see. Some want only this. Succinctly and completely describe the details of your idea and make them want to read your manuscript in its entirety as soon as it’s ready. Leave nothing out. For nonfiction, include every major issue you’ll cover and the basics of what you’ll say about it. For fiction, rough out the entire plot in a few pages. With a proposal, your query letter becomes a cover letter. Resist the urge to write a long cover letter. Allow your proposal to do the heavy lifting. Three trusted colleagues have produced masterful works on how to write book proposals, so check out what they have to offer: Michael Hyatt: Writing a Winning Book Proposal Jane Friedman: How to Write a Book Proposal (Jane also has some great material on query letters, so search her site for that, too.) Terry Whalin: Book Proposals That Sell Proposals can contain any number of possible components, such as: Premise Elevator pitch Overview Target audience Chapter synopses Marketing ideas Endorsements Your analysis of competing books, and where yours fits Up to three sample chapters More book proposal tips: Tell why you think your book can succeed. Every page in your proposal should make them want to flip to the next page. Despite that a proposal is longer, keep it tight and terse, as short as you can without cutting crucial information. Every word should be designed to pique an agent’s interest, your goal being to be asked to send your entire manuscript. Which should I choose, query or proposal? The competition is so fierce these days, I would lean toward a full proposal almost every time. The only instances when I might fire off a query would be if an incredible opportunity fell in my lap and I thought an agent could help me jump on it before I had time to craft a proposal. For instance, if a major celebrity wanted help with a book and chose you to write it, a fast letter to an agent might get a quick response. Otherwise, take the time to put together a professional proposal that shows an agent you know how to work and can be thorough. But know this: If you spark an agent’s interest, they will immediately ask for more information. So you’ll need a proposal at some point. Keep that in mind and be ready to get busy. Connecting with the Right Publisher Regardless whether you secure an agent, there are five guidelines for submitting your proposal and/or manuscript to publishers: Follow their submission guidelines to a T. Customize your cover letter to each. Know what the publisher wants, and tell them why you believe your book is right for them in light of that. Let it show in your attitude and tone that you realize how few manuscripts are chosen for publication each year, and by the fact that you have done your homework and covered all the bases to ensure you’re giving the publisher everything they need to make a decision on your manuscript. Avoid gushing and flattery, like adding the obvious sentiments, â€Å"I’ll do anything you say, make any changes you want, meet any deadline†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Just present your complete proposal and professionally express that you look forward to hearing from them. A rule of thumb for first-time authors: If you’re writing fiction, while some publishers may ask you to send your completed manuscript after reading your proposal, synopsis, and sample chapters, it’s highly unlikely they will actually offer a contract before they see that completed manuscript. That’s because many people can come up with great ideas, and some can produce promising starts to novels. But few can see their way through to the end. So you’ll have to prove you can do it. If you’re writing nonfiction, you might be able to secure a publishing contract before you have finished your entire manuscript, though that is also rare. Should it happen, the publisher is likely to offer a lot of guidance and input for shaping the rest of the writing- and you’ll have a much better chance of success if you work nicely with your editor. Regardless your genre, publishers won’t take a second look at your manuscript unless it’s presented professionally. Use these submission guidelines: Use Times New Roman font (or at the very least avoid sans serif fonts). Use 12-point type. Left-justify your page. (This means your text should be aligned at the left margin, but not the right. This is also called â€Å"flush left, ragged right.†) Double-space your page with no extra space between paragraphs. Each paragraph should be indented one-half inch. One space between sentences. Microsoft Word .doc or .docx file format. 1† top, bottom, and side margins (or whatever is standard in your Word program). Editing Your Book Like Crazy (Again) with an Editor By the time you get to this point, you’ve already spent hours editing your own work. You’ve rearranged, improved, and cut things that hurt to cut. Be ready to do more. Once a publisher agrees to take your manuscript, you’ll be assigned an editor to make your manuscript the best it can be. This editor will suggest changes, maybe major ones- especially if it’s your first book. Don’t get touchy. Writing is not a solo. It’s a duet between the writer and an editor. Sometimes you’ll have to kill sentences that took hours to write. It’ll feel like disowning your children. Remember, the editor is on your side. Throw a private temper tantrum if you must, but then cool down and listen. Let them to do their job. You can push back respectfully if you feel strongly that they’ve missed your point on something, but do this only when the sting of criticism has worn off and you’re thinking rationally. Keep an open mind and beeasy to work with. They’ll remember. 4. Should You Self-Publish? Want to save this 5000-word guide to read later? Click here to get a free PDF version you can read anytime. If you can score with a traditional publisher, do it. Exhaust your efforts to traditionally publish before resorting to self-publishing. Even honest self-publishing executives will give you this advice. Why? Because with traditional publishing, the publisher takes all the risks, and you’re paid an advance against royalties and royalties based on sales. So nothing comes out of your pocket. With self-publishing, however, you pay for everything from design to editing. Packages can cost upwards of $10,000. Back when self-publishing was referred to as â€Å"vanity publishing,† you could always tell a self-published book from a traditionally published book due to the lack of quality. Schlocky covers, boring titles, the word by before the author’s name on the cover. Too much copy on the front and back covers. Poor typeface and interior design. Lousy writing, editing, and proofreading- sometimes clearly nonexistent. But the game has changed. Publishing your own book is vastly different than it used to be. Your end product can now look much more professional, and your price per book is much more reasonable. Print-on-demand technology now allows for low-cost printing, so you can order as few as two or three books at a time for the same cost per book as you would pay if you were buying hundreds. So, you no longer need to store countless copies in your garage or basement. And self-published books look nicer these days too, because writers have demanded it. How to Set Your Self-Published Book Apart If you resort to this route, realize that you are the publisher now. You have to advertise, promote, and market your own book. But because you’re earning the profits after expenses, not just a royalty, a successful book will net you more money per copy than a traditionally published one. Admittedly, selling enough self-published copies to actually net you more money than you would make selling more traditionally at a lower royalty rate is rare, but it happens. It’s also rare that a self-published book finds its way to bookstore shelves outside the author’s own town. (The hard truth is that it’s not easy for even traditionally published books to place their books in bookstores. Experts say as few as one percent of all published books can be accommodated by bookstores and that the rest must be sold through other channels like the Internet, direct mail, and by hand.) To give your self-published title the best chance to succeed, you need to invest in: A great cover, which will involve purchasing a photo or artwork, type design, and layout Inside layout, type design, and typesetting Editing (resist the urge to use a relative who majored in English or even teaches English; book editing is a specific art) Proofreading (same caveat as above; friends and loved ones who are meticulous spellers are not enough; there are myriad style matters to deal with) Each of these elements will dramatically increase the professional look of your final product and, thus, your hope of selling more books. Do NOT skimp on them. If you’ve ever built a house without a contractor, you have an idea of how complex this will be if you do it right. So despite the fact that many self-published authors swear by it and believe it’s fairer to the author than traditional publishing, I maintain that traditional remains the ideal for authors- except for those unique titles that are targeted to deserving but very limited audiences. Choosing the Right Company to Self-Publish Your Book More than 400,000 books are self-published every year in the United States alone. So there are many companies to choose from. But sadly, many are wolves in sheep’s clothing. They’ll let you create a poor product and tell you it’s great. They’ll â€Å"award† you a contract, telling you their publication board has â€Å"evaluated† your manuscript and â€Å"found it worthy† to be published. They’ll tell you that they’re â€Å"not a subsidy publisher† or â€Å"not a self-publisher† or â€Å"not an independent publisher.† But they’ll use another euphemism to justify the fact that you’re paying â€Å"only for promotion† or â€Å"only for [this many] copies,† or â€Å"only for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  something else, when the fact is that the fee will cover all their costs and will include their profit. They’ll imply they can get your title before the eyes of every bookstore owner and manager in the country. They might even give examples of a few titles of theirs that have sold into some stores or even made some bestseller list. But they can’t guarantee your title will be sold into any store. Because that list your title is on that is â€Å"available† to every store owner and manager is merely a master list of all the books on some distributor’s Internet site of every title in their catalogue. That means your book will get no personal attention from a salesperson and no more emphasis than any of the tens of thousands of other titles on the list. Such companies are using you as little more than a content generator, pretending to have â€Å"chosen† your book from among the many they have to choose from, when the fact is they would publish anything you send them in any form, provided your accompanying check clears the bank. Be wary of any company that: Doesn’t take seriously the editing and proofreading of your book Lets you commit embarrassing typos such as spelling foreword as forward, foreward, or forword Allows the word by before your name on the cover Over-promises what you should expect in the way of personal sales representation, public relations, marketing, distribution, and advertising That said, when you do need to self-publish, legitimate companies with proven track records are ready to assist you. Do your homework and go beyond an Internet search, which will likely turn up beautiful websites for countless companies putting their best foot forward. So find previous customers and ask about their experience. You want a company who will answer every question straightforwardly and without hesitation. If you feel hard-sold, run. A litmus test question for the publisher: Ask if they would advise you to exhaust your efforts to traditionally publish first. I asked this of the head of WestBow Pressâ„ ¢, a division of Thomas Nelson and Zondervan, and he said he always advises customers that this is the ideal route. That kind of refreshing honesty bodes well for a company. The #1 Killer of Self-Published Books When writers run out of money to invest in their book, too often the first place that suffers is the content itself. Writers may understand that they are not experts in cover design, layout and typesetting, marketing and promotion, warehousing, distribution, and sales. But they overrate their writing and editing and proofreading abilities. So, they invest in those other services and cut corners on editing and proofreading. What they wind up with is a handsome product that looks like a real book but reads like the manuscript that made the rounds of the traditional houses and was rejected. You must determine what will set you apart in a noisy marketplace. That certain something that will set you apart is what it has always been: Writing quality. Having been in the writing game for 50 years and the book business for 40, that is something I am able to tell you. To use an ancient adage, cream rises. That may sound like something scratched on a cave wall. But it simply means that readers recognize quality. You or your agent may be looking for a deal from a traditional publisher. Or you may have chosen to self-publish online, in print, or both. Regardless, you want your manuscript to be of the highest editorial quality you can make it. What does that mean? It means you must: Learn the craft and hone your skills. Rigorously study writing, do exercises, write stories. It can all pay off. Just as with physical exercise, the more the better, but anything is better than nothing. Recognize that writing well is much harder and more involved than you ever dreamed. If you thought writing was merely a hobby, this realization could crush you. So, to push through, remember why you wanted to become a writer in the first place: You have a message, and people need to hear it. Dont trust friends’ and relatives’ flattery. Sure, they’re great for keeping you from quitting. But when you need solid input on your writing, their enthusiasm won’t translate to sales. Accept criticism and input from people who know what they’re talking about. Find an experienced writer or editor who’ll offer honest feedback on your work. Join a writers group. Attend writers conferences. Get a mentor. Free Download: Want your own copy of this guide? You can grabthe full PDF version by clicking here or on the image below: If you really want to become an author, it can be done. You’ll know you’re ready when you’re willing to carve the time from your schedule to write. So how badly do you want it? Tell me in the Comments below.